MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for L-Cystine (MMDBc0000499)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-12-10 18:39:09 UTC

Update Date

2024-09-28 01:42:19 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000499

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

L-Cystine

Description

Cystine is an oxidized dimeric form of cysteine. It is formed by linking two cysteine residues via a disulfide bond (Cys-S-S-Cys) between the -SH groups. Cystine is found in high concentrations in digestive enzymes and in the cells of the immune system, skeletal and connective tissues, skin, and hair. Hair and skin are 10-14% cystine. Cystine is the preferred form of cysteine for the synthesis of glutathione in cells involved in the immune system (e.g. macrophages and astrocytes). Lymphocytes and neurons prefer cysteine for glutathione production. Optimizing glutathione levels in macrophages and astrocytes with cystine allows these cells to provide cysteine to lymphocytes and neurons directly upon demand (Wikipedia).

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Molecular Formula

C₆H₁₂N₂O₄S₂

Average Mass

240.3

Monoisotopic Mass

240.023848262

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

Not Available

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H12N2O4S2/c7-3(5(9)10)1-13-14-2-4(8)6(11)12/h3-4H,1-2,7-8H2,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t3-,4-/m0/s1

InChI Key

LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biospecimen Locations

All Tissues
Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Placenta
Urine

Tissue Locations

All Tissues
Placenta

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0192186	Cystathionine gamma-lyase	Enzyme	P32929	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193276	Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT	Unknown	Q07837	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193280	B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1	Unknown	P82251	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193743	Cystine/glutamate transporter	Unknown	Q9UPY5	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193821	Neutral amino acid transporter A	Unknown	P43007	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194001	Monocarboxylate transporter 10	Transporter	Q8TF71	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196355	Cystinosin	Unknown	O60931	Homo sapiens

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0000561	Glutathione	L-Cysteine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	15189131 932033
MMDBr0000564	L-Cystine	Thiocysteine	Not Available	VMH	15189131
MMDBr0002440	L-Cysteine	L-Cystine	thioredoxin reductase 1	VMH	18042542
MMDBr0010270	L-Cystine	L-Cysteine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0010919	L-Cysteine	L-Cystine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010920	L-Cysteine	L-Cystine	Not Available	VMH	30371894

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Acute seizures	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	14992292
Alzheimer's disease		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	17031479
Cystinuria	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	14586528
Cystinuria	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	8890399
Cystinuria	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	8587621
Fumarase deficiency	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	20549362
Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria i		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	5727921
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy	Decreased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	14992292
Parkinson's disease	Increased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	12834252
Refractory localization-related epilepsy	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	14992292
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Cystinuria		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Cystinuria	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	1	Human feces; Human stool; Human ; Human urine	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	4	Human feces; Human stool; Human ; Human urine	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	2	Human ; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque; Human feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
Bacteria	Firmicutes	20	Human stool; Human ; Human feces; Human urine; Human sputum	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	2	Human stool; Human ; Human feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	2	Human feces; Human saliva	Unknown

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Activity	Data Source	Reference
Drugs	Antimicrobial	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Food Additive	Not Available	U.S. Food and Drug Administration	FDA

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.1		24.5	35.7	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Acute seizures	HMDB	14992292
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	209.0	46.0			uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's Disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	7.8	2.5			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	72.03	12.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	463.1				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	14586528
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	> 117				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	8890399
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			136.5	79.36	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Cystinuria	HMDB	8587621
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			90.800	558.500	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	14586528
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			135.900	156.400	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Fumaric aciduria	HMDB	20549362
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			4.423	24.136	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Dibasic Amino Aciduria I	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			5.975	24.136	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			6.681	2.305	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			6.681	21.125	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Dibasic Amino Aciduria I	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			908	5585	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hyperlysinuria	HMDB	14586528
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	28.6		24.2	33.0	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)	HMDB	14992292
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	0				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7				umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	0.31	0.06			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Parkinson's Disease	HMDB	12834252
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	37.2		34.6	39.8	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)	HMDB	14992292
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.5				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19309105
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	0.29	0.27			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12834252
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.05	28.34			umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2026685
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.351	4.234			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.351	4.234			umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	5727921
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	12.5		5.0	24.6	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	128.89	56.53			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	152.63	76.88			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			17	98	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			2	51	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	30830347
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.61	1.42			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15992788
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			5.314	22.612	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	62.9	27.8			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	89.32	56.53			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	17.486	14.104			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	575.0		150.0	1000.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	65.0		30.0	100.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	27.821	17.962			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			0	1.5	uM	Children (0 - 10 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			0	1.5	uM	Adolescent (>11 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.70	17.86	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.70	20.92	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13 - 21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			12.10	43.64	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			15	65	uM	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			2.71	12.10	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (4 - 13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			2.71	15.60	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (2 - 4 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			26	61	uM	Infant (1 - 3 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			26	77	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			3.84	13.23	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 2 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			5.09	15.60	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (6 months - <1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			6.22	26.12	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (1 - 6 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			8	68	uM	Children (3 months - 6 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			2.92	54.16	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	David F. Putnam Composition and Concentrative Properties of Human Urine. NASA Contractor Report. July 1971
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	0.1	0.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.15		0.1	0.2	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	107.0	23.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	109.0	18.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	109.0	24.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	118.0	17.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	130.0	20.0			uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.6	2.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7.0	3.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	87.0	13.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.0	3.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	91.0	20.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	96.0	19.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<11.76				umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<14.71				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<6.33				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.13	11.086	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.24	15.045	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.36	57.00	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human All tissues	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Both	Normal	HMDB	25486321
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22024767
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22024767
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

HMDB ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

Not Available

KEGG Compound ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Not Available

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

Not Available

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Kubilus J, MacDonald MJ, Baden HP: Epidermal proteins of cultured human and bovine keratinocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Jun 19;578(2):484-92. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90178-8. [PubMed:486533 ]
Mogil'naia GM, Shubich MG: [Comparison of the histochemical bases of epidermis differentiation in vertebrates]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol. 1976 Mar;70(3):46-52. [PubMed:1275714 ]
Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80571-s. [PubMed:2026685 ]
Tezuka T, Takahashi M: The cystine-rich envelope protein from human epidermal stratum corneum cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Jan;88(1):47-51. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12464862. [PubMed:3794387 ]
Behr T, Becker W, Hannappel E, Goldenberg DM, Wolf F: Targeting of liver metastases of colorectal cancer with IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab' anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies labeled with 99mTc: the role of metabolism and kinetics. Cancer Res. 1995 Dec 1;55(23 Suppl):5777s-5785s. [PubMed:7493346 ]
Terada T, Maeda H, Okamoto K, Nishinaka T, Mizoguchi T, Nishihara T: Modulation of glutathione S-transferase activity by a thiol/disulfide exchange reaction and involvement of thioltransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jan;300(1):495-500. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1067. [PubMed:8424686 ]
Mitchell BF, Chibbar R: Synthesis and metabolism of oxytocin in late gestation in human decidua. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;395:365-80. [PubMed:8713992 ]
Sakhaee K: Pathogenesis and medical management of cystinuria. Semin Nephrol. 1996 Sep;16(5):435-47. [PubMed:8890399 ]
Rumpold H, Mascher K, Untergasser G, Plas E, Hermann M, Berger P: Trans-differentiation of prostatic stromal cells leads to decreased glycoprotein hormone alpha production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):5297-303. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020596. [PubMed:12414905 ]
Park M, Helip-Wooley A, Thoene J: Lysosomal cystine storage augments apoptosis in cultured human fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Dec;13(12):2878-87. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000036867.49866.59. [PubMed:12444206 ]
Allen JW, Shanker G, Tan KH, Aschner M: The consequences of methylmercury exposure on interactive functions between astrocytes and neurons. Neurotoxicology. 2002 Dec;23(6):755-9. doi: 10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00076-6. [PubMed:12520765 ]
Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. doi: 10.1023/a:1024255208563. [PubMed:12834252 ]
Peters T, Thaete C, Wolf S, Popp A, Sedlmeier R, Grosse J, Nehls MC, Russ A, Schlueter V: A mouse model for cystinuria type I. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Sep 1;12(17):2109-20. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg189. [PubMed:12923163 ]
Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. doi: 10.1023/b:nere.0000010461.34920.0c. [PubMed:14992292 ]
Orakzai N, Hanbury DC, Farrington K: Screening for biochemical abnormalities in urolithiasis patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2004 Apr-Jun;16(2):60-3. [PubMed:15455621 ]
Sonies BC, Almajid P, Kleta R, Bernardini I, Gahl WA: Swallowing dysfunction in 101 patients with nephropathic cystinosis: benefit of long-term cysteamine therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 May;84(3):137-146. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000164204.00159.d4. [PubMed:15879904 ]
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Showing metabocard for L-Cystine (MMDBc0000499)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f539470c378>